What is A thermometer?

an instrument for measuring and indicating temperature, typically one consisting of a narrow, hermetically sealed glass tube marked with graduations and having at one end a bulb containing mercury or alcohol that expands and contracts in the tube with heating and cooling.

A thermometer is an instrument we can use to measure temperature. Analog thermometers consist of a sealed tube with markings on it which are increasing temperatures in Celsius or Fahrenheit. The markings on a clinical and weather thermometer are different but they work in the same way.

The glass tube of a thermometer usually contains mercury. Mercury is perfect to test temperature because it changes from a solid to liquid very easily. When the metal tip of the thermometer comes into contact with the material it is testing, it conducts heat energy to the mercury. The mercury turns into liquid and begins to rise up the tube. When it stops is where you can take the temperature reading on the scale.

an instrument for measuring temperature, often a sealed glass tube that contains a column of liquid, as mercury, that expands and contracts, or rises and falls, with temperature changes, the temperature being read where the top of the column coincides with a calibrated scale marked on the tube or its frame.

What is a ladder?

a structure consisting of a series of bars or steps between two upright lengths of wood, metal, or rope, used for climbing up or down something.

A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps. 
There are two types: rigid ladders that can be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall, and rope ladders that are hung from the top. 
The vertical members of a rigid ladder are called stringers or rails (US) or stiles (UK). 
Rigid ladders are usually portable, but some types are permanently fixed to buildings. 
They are commonly made of metal, wood, or fibreglass, but they have been known to be made of tough plastic.

a structure of wood, metal, or rope, commonly consisting of two sidepieces between which a series of bars or rungs are set at suitable distances, forming a means of climbing up or down.

 An often portable structure consisting of two long sides crossed by parallel rungs, used to climb up and down.

a portable framework of wood, metal, rope, etc, in the form of two long parallel members connected by several parallel rungs or steps fixed to them at right angles, for climbing up or down

What is a stapler?

a device for fastening together sheets of paper with a staple or staples.

It is one of those small metal tools with a plastic handle.

You use it to join two pieces of paper.

A stapler is a mechanical device that joins sheets of paper or similar material by driving a thin metal staple through the sheets and folding the ends. 

Staplers are widely used in government, business, offices, homes and schools.

a small device that you can hold in your hand or use on a table to push staples through pieces of paper

A device used to bind material together by means of staples.

a machine for fastening materials together with wire staples.

a machine that inserts staples into sheets of paper in order to fasten them together

A Stapler combines together sheets of paper or other materials by driving a thin metal staple through the sheets and folding over the ends to secure the paper. It is commonly found in offices, schools, or other places that process large amounts of paper.

What is suntan lotion?

a lotion rubbed onto the skin to protect it from the harmful effects of the sun.

Suntan lotion can refer to:
Indoor tanning lotion, used to increase tanning
Sunscreen, used to decrease tanning and prevent sunburn

It is one of those creams you rub on your skin.

You use it to stop your skin burning.

what is ear plug?

An earplug is a device that is meant to be inserted in the ear canal to protect the user's ears from loud noises or the intrusion of water, foreign bodies, dust or excessive wind.

It is one of those small plastic things.

You put one in each ear to block out noise when you go to bed.

Some earplugs are primarily designed to keep water out of the ear canal, especially during swimming and water sports. 
This type of earplug may be made of wax or moldable silicone which is custom-fitted to the ear canal by the wearer.

What is Multimedia? Multimedia Formats

What is Multimedia?
Multimedia comes in many different formats. 
It can be almost anything you can hear or see.

Examples: Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.

Web pages often contains multimedia elements of different types and formats.

In this chapter you will learn about the different multimedia formats.

Multimedia Formats
Multimedia elements (like sounds or videos) are stored in media files.

The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file extension. 

When a browser sees the file extension .htm or .html, it will treat the file as an HTML file. 

The .xml extension indicates an XML file, and the .css extension indicates a style sheet file. 

Pictures are recognized by extensions like .gif, .png and .jpg.

Multimedia files also have their own formats and different extensions like: .swf, .wav, .mp3, .mp4, .mpg, .wmv, and .avi.

What is social inclusion?

A socially inclusive society is defined as one where all people feel valued, their differences are respected, and their basic needs are met so they can live in dignity. Social exclusion is the process of being shut out from the social, economic, political and cultural systems which contribute to the integration of a person into the community .

Social inclusion, community inclusion, social connectivity, normalization, social integration, social citizenship - all these are terms that relate to the importance of the links between the individual members of our society and the role of each person as a member of this group.

The values that underpin social inclusion:

Everyone Is Ready – None of us has to pass a test or meet a set of criteria before we can be included.

Everyone Can Learn – As human beings we all grow and change and make mistakes: and we are all capable of learning.

Everyone Needs Support - Sometimes some of us need more support than others.

Everyone Can Communicate – Not using words doesn't mean we don’t have anything to say.

Everyone Can Contribute – We need to recognize, encourage and value each person’s contributions - including our own.

Together We Are Better – We are not dreaming of a world where everyone is like us - difference is our most important renewable resource.

social inclusion
社会的包摂

Social exclusion 
社会的排除

underpin the fair economic activities
公正な経済活動を支える

underpin the safe livelihood of the people
安全な国民生活を支える